DOI: 
http://dx.doi.org/10.15293/1813-4718.2504.10
UDC: 
374+379.8
Deich Boris Arkad’evich
Доктор педагогических наук, Cand. Sci. (Pedag.), Аssoc. Prof., Head of the theory and methodology of educational systems department, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, deich67@mail.ru, Novosibirsk

Prerequisites for the Emergence of Extracurricular work in Russia in the Second half of the 19th century

Abstract: 
The article presents the results of a historical and pedagogical study of the prerequisites for the emergence of extracurricular work in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Based on the analysis of historical sources, several groups of prerequisites at the state, socio-economic and socio-pedagogical levels are identified. The influence of these prerequisites on the emergence and development of extracurricular work is analyzed. The current problems that worried the Russian public and contributed to increased attention to the development of extracurricular work in the studied period are identified. The purpose of the article is to determine the prerequisites for the emergence of extracurricular work in Russia and their influence on the development of this pedagogical activity in the second half of the 19th century. Methodology and research methods. The methodological foundations of the study include a systemic, cultural approach and a phenomenological approach, which allow this study to rely not on individual methodological foundations, but on their systemic combination, to study the evolution of extracurricular work as a socio-cultural phenomenon, to construct various theoretical foundations for the phenomenon of extracurricular work as one of the ways of organizing social reality. To achieve the goal of the study, source study and comparative-contrastive analysis were used. The conclusion of the article presents the findings that the emergence of activities to organize extracurricular work is based on a number of objective prerequisites that had developed in Russia by the early 60s of the 19th century: state reforms of the 60s – 70s of the 19th century; the beginning of the revolutionary democratic movement and the activities of representatives of the first revolutionary circles; growing awareness among progressive public figures and government officials of the fight against mass ignorance, the interest of progressive representatives of the emerging class of the Russian bourgeoisie in increasing the number of workers with at least an initial level of literacy; the need to combat drunkenness of a large part of the ordinary population of Russia; the presence of serious problems associated with the existence and development of public education within the framework of the school system of lower education; the maturing needs to change approaches to education, which were felt by teachers and public figures of the second half of the 19th century. These prerequisites contributed to the fact that extracurricular work emerged at the initial stage as a social phenomenon and developed largely due to private initiative.
Keywords: 
extracurricular work; additional education; history of extracurricular work (additional education); prerequisites for the emergence of extracurricular work
References: 

1. Kornetov, B. G., 2018. Cognition of the past pedagogical reality. Historical and pedagogical journal, no. 1, pp. 37–63. (In Russ., abstract in Eng.)
2. Blauberg, I. V., Yudin, E. G., 1973. Formation and essence of the systems approach. Moscow, 270 p. (In Russ.).
3. Sorokin, P. A., 2006. Social and cultural dynamics. Moscow: Astrel Publ., 1176 p. (In Russ.)
4. Abels, H., 2000. Interaction, identity, presentation. Introduction to interactive sociology. St. Petersburg: Aletey Publ., 272 p. (In Russ.)
5. Rogov, V., 1891. In memory of V. P. Kokhovsky. Russian school, no. 12, pp. 44–72. (In Russ.)
6. Vinogradov, P. G., 1900. On the tasks of the Pedagogical Society (Speech delivered at the first public meeting of the Society on April 18, 1898). Works of the Pedagogical Society, consisting of the Imperial Moscow University. Moscow, pp. 1–14. (In Russ.)
7. Taubin, R. A., 1956. Revolutionary propaganda in Sunday schools of Russia in 1860–1862. Questions of History, no. 8, pp. 80–90. (In Russ.)
8. Danilevsky, V. Ya., Bogomolov, A. A., 1918. People’s houses as cultural and educational centers. Kharkov: Soyuz Publ., 201 p. (In Russ.)
9. Essays on the history of public education in Russia before the era of Alexander II’s reforms / edited by A. P. Nechaev, 1905. Moscow: Polza Publishing House, 240 p. (In Russ.)
10. Population of the Empire according to the census of January 28, 1897 by districts, 1897. St. Petersburg: Partnership “Pechatnya S. P. Yakovlev”, 34 p. (In Russ.)
11. Bem, L., 1856. On education. Marine collection, no. 1, pp. 1–69. (In Russ.)
12. Kapterev, P. V., 1915. History of Russian pedagogy. Second revised and supplemented edition. Petrograd, 746 p. (In Russ.)
13. Pirogov, N. I., 1910. Questions of life (first edition). Volume 1 of N. I. Pirogov’s works. Odessa, pp. 4–42. (In Russ.)
14. Zenkovsky, V. V., 1960 Russian pedagogy in the twentieth century. Paris: Publ. of the Religious-Pedagogical Cabinet at the Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris. Available at: http://www.odinblago.ru/pedagogika/ (accessed: 20.07.2025). (In Russ.)
15. Deich, B. A., Yurochkina, I. Yu., 2011. Formation and development of extracurricular work in Russia: regional aspect (late 19th – early 90s of the twentieth century): monograph. Novosibirsk: NSPU Publ., 287 p. (In Russ.)