DOI: 
http://dx.doi.org/10.15293/1813-4718.2001.01
UDC: 
371+37.018+159.922.7
Kuzmenko Marina Alekseevna
Кандидат медицинских наук, Cand. Sci. (Medical), Ophthalmologist, «Novosibirsk Institute of Hygiene» of Rospotrebnadzor, oriam2008@yandex.ru, Novosibirsk
Sorokina Alexandra Vasilievna
Кандидат медицинских наук, Cand. Sci. (Medical), Leading Researcher, «Novosibirsk Institute of Hygiene» of Rospotrebnadzor, sorokina_av@niig.su , Novosibirsk
Onischuk Yaroslava Igorevna
Neurologist, «Novosibirsk Institute of Hygiene» of Rospotrebnadzor, yonishuk@mail.ru, Novosibirsk

School-Defined Pathology of the Organ of Vision: Reasons and Ways of Solution (Analytical Review)

Abstract: 
Introduction, problem statement. The vision loss among schoolchildren during their studies has a steady tendency over the past 10–15 years. The most vulnerable parameter of the intraschool environment is the educational process, which is characterized by high visual load. The purpose of the article:identify risk factors that contribute to the formation of school myopiaaccording to literature dataand identify ways to solve the problem. A review of the scientific literature on the problem. The widespread prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren was firstly described at the end of the 19thcentury, and this was associated with a large visual load during learning process. In 1965 E.S. Avetisov put forward a hypothesis of the origin of school myopia, the main role was given to the accommodation process. Myopia occurred in cases of prolonged visual load at close distances with weak accommodation. A major role in the pathogenesis of myopia was also assigned to the violation of regional hemodynamics, ciliary muscle dysfunction due to disorders of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, and microelement composition of the blood. Methodology and research methods. The research methodology for the problem includes an analysis of 28 literary sources of Russian and foreign authors, which showed that medical and social risk factors have a large impact on the health status of schoolchildren: visual disturbance, excessive time spent on electronic storage media, low physical activity outdoors, poor nutrition, insufficient duration of students' night sleep. Children's vision care rooms are considered as effective health-saving technology in educational institutions. Research results, discussion. The data of various authors on the prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren in the regions of Russia and Belarus, urban and rural schools were also studied, a general trend was revealed: the growth of myopia by the end of school to 50-60%. Many authors conducted an ophthalmic examination of schoolchildren, which included: visual acuity, accommodation, refractometry and optical correction of visual impairment. In the analyzed research papers, there are signs of connective tissue dysplasia, pathological changes in the musculoskeletal system, a change in the autonomic balance, which, with significant visual load, leads to an increase in the myopia of the child population. Laboratory methods were used to study the content of calcium, magnesium, iron in blood serum and the excretion of glycosaminoglycans in urine. Conclusions. Literature data on the causes of visual impairment among schoolchildren was systematized. Sufficient experience has been accumulated to formulate an integrated approach to solving this problem, which includes the hygienic, medical, pedagogical aspect. Form the principles of a healthy lifestyle and responsibility for one’s health since childhood.
Keywords: 
school-caused pathology, close-range visual load, myopia, connective tissue dysplasia, health-saving environment
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